Children ages 7–11 are most susceptible to myopia progression because the length of the eye grows throughout childhood and early adolescence. Babies are born slightly farsighted, with eyes a bit shorter (from front to back) than they are in adulthood. “During normal development, the growth of eye length is regulated by an intrinsic biological process that monitors how well-focused images are across the retina,” explains Jay Neitz. Images are formed on the retina and then “interpreted” by circuitry within the retina. Signals are then transmitted to the sclera—that is, the white connective tissue of the eyeball—stimulating the eye to grow. The eye stops growing when it has reached the length where things are blurred in peripheral vision whenever the eye is focused on things that are closer in central vision.
The reason that it matters whether a child is playing outside with a ball, or playing a game on a hand-held screen, has to do with providing opportunities for the eyes to experience this blurred vision. A child playing outside is usually interacting with a friend, or playing with an object up close, while things at a distance fill their peripheral vision. Those distant objects will be in focus as long as the child remains farsighted, and things up close will be a little blurry.
The eye will grow during adolescence until those things in peripheral vision become out of focus and blurry, and the closer things in central vision become crisp. This is the condition of a healthy adult eye that is neither near nor farsighted: things are blurred in peripheral vision whenever the eye is focused on closer things in central vision.
But holding a screen in front of your eyes tends to fill your central and peripheral vision. Everything now appears close up and there is no signal for the eye to stop growing which leads to myopia.
Genetic susceptibility to myopia is also a factor, but Neitz believes that behavior can have an influence even without genetic tendency. “I believe enough time spent in front of a screen watching video games in a lifetime would be enough to make you a high myopic even if you had the lowest genetic susceptibility,” he says.
While substituting outdoor play for indoor schoolwork (if not screen time) until the end of adolescence might appeal to a lot of kids, it’s an impractical way to live for most modern youth. The Neitz glasses, designed with a special “foggy” grid on the periphery that tricks the brain into thinking that the wearer is seeing far away, aims to solve this problem. This illusion keeps the eye from growing longer, without a change in lifestyle.
During the first study the scientists conducted, children wore the special eyeglasses containing one experimental and one control lens for three months; the eyes behind the experimental treatment lens grew significantly slower than eyes wearing the control lens. The glasses were also comfortable enough that the kids in their studies were willing to keep wearing them even after they had completed their portion of the study. (The researchers are also working on creating therapeutic contact lenses for adolescents who may want that option instead of glasses.)
The Neitz glasses could be available within three years. Until then—and even after—parents have one more reason to urge kids to go outside.
